All Souls’ Day, Allhallowtide, Church Militant on Earth

The thinning of the “Veil Between the Worlds” – All Souls’ Day marks the end of the Allhallowtide triduum











I’m a fan of The Gap in the Curtain, a 1932 novel by the Scottish author John Buchan, the 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, who served as Governor General of Canada between 1935 and 1940. It is a novel about the thinning of the veil at certain times between the worlds of the living and the dead. As an aside, my favourite G.K. Chesterton quote, taken from his 1908 book Orthodoxy, which he described as a “spiritual autobiography,” is “Tradition is the democracy of the dead. It means giving a vote to the most obscure of all classes: our ancestors.”  

My supernatural story of the thinning of the veil involves the late Rhonda Payne; a story involving an obscure fridge magnet, of all things, and stretching from Halifax to Yellowknife. Rhonda, author of the play Stars in the Sky Morning, a tale of the hardships of women on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland – a playwright the National Post described as a “national treasure” in 1999 – was a fiery actor, writer, director, producer and activist from Curling, Newfoundland, who would go onto co-found Ground Zero Productions with Don Bouzek in Toronto, and after that Riverbank Productions in Peterborough on Parkhill Road East (the studio office was quite literally on the banks of the Otonabee River.) She died in Halifax in June 2002. No saints or miracles in my story, but an experience 20 years ago that sent a chill up my spine like I’ve never felt before.

In late June 2002, I was living in Yellowknife. Rhonda had died in early June at the tragically young age of 52 in Halifax, where she had been living since 2000. She had been ill only a short time.

I had known Rhonda since November 1997 when she lived on Parkhill Road East in Peterborough and she was running Riverbank Productions, her theatre company. I had arrived back in Peterborough seven months earlier to begin a second tour of duty at the Peterborough Examiner. I met Rhonda at a dinner party and found her to be one of the most vivacious guests I have ever met under such circumstances. That’s still true today.

Rhonda was a big, and at times, tumultuous, presence in my life for the next several years. I learned of her illness in late May 2002 when I was vacationing in Iowa. Instead of returning to Yellowknife as planned, I re-booked and caught perhaps the most convoluted flight plan ever that saw me backtrack through Minneapolis, Calgary and Edmonton before finally catching flights east to Moncton, and then driving to Halifax from my mother’s place in Amherst, Nova Scotia, to visit Rhonda at the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre. She was well enough that day to talk and go for a short walk down the hospital corridor, but she died six days later, and three days after I had returned to Yellowknife.

Several weeks later, near the end of June, a young reporter, Christine Kay, who was from Ontario, I believe, but had just graduated from the journalism program at University of King’s College in Halifax, arrived in Yellowknife to start her first reporting job in the newsroom of Northern News Services Limited (NNSL). We gave her a desk that had been cleaned out and empty for some time.

What happened next, I still recall almost in slow motion. Near the end of her first day, Christine walked over to my desk (which was across the newsroom from hers, with numerous editors and reporters between our two desks, and I was not her direct supervisor as a news editor, and she knew none of us anyway) and held out her hand to me, and said, “I found this in my desk and didn’t know what to do with it.”

What she handed me from her desk drawer, from a supposedly cleaned out and empty desk, was the only thing she had discovered when she was unpacking her stuff into her new desk: a small fridge magnet. Although hard to describe precisely in a visual sense after 18 years, it was symbolically at least, no ordinary or common fridge magnet. It was identical to a fridge magnet I had only seen once before – in Rhonda’s kitchen on her fridge door on Parkhill – and have never seen again since that day in the newsroom Yellowknife in late June 2002, about three weeks after she died: The fridge magnet resembled a Celtic priestess perhaps performing a Beltane Day dance.

My immediate and involuntary reaction was to blanche, as if I had seen a ghost, which shocked poor Christine Kay, who had simply handed me a fridge magnet of unknown provenance she had discovered in a drawer in her new desk.

At that moment, I came to a profound understanding of the concept of the thinning of the “Veil Between the Worlds,” so rooted in the history and tradition of the the Allhallowtide triduum, and recalling for me All Souls’ Days from almost a decade earlier, from 1993 to 1995, when I studied graduate history in the master’s program at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, and would reflect and pray on what was often this time of year a gray fall day in the Limestone City at St. James Chapel, adjacent to St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kingston on Johnson Street.

It stands to this day as a unique episode in my life experience. My hunch is the answer to this rogue coincidence, if indeed there is an answer, might be discovered somewhere on the western shore of the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland and Labrador, between Cow Head and Daniel’s Harbour, the ground of Rhonda’s being. There is much beyond the material world, far beyond my ken.

Halloween has roots in an ancient Irish festival called Samhain.

It is often associated with Los Dias de Muertos or “Days of the Dead” in Latin America. Almost 19 years ago, I wrote a story on Nov. 10, 2004 for The Independent, a weekly newspaper in Brighton, Ont., noting monarch butterflies in the fall of 2004 had started “arriving in central Mexico last week, on the first of November, at the same time as the national festival of Los Dias de Muertos or Days of the Dead (https://web.archive.org/web/20041208020154/http://www.eastnorthumberland.com/news/news2004/November/041110monarch.html).

For the local people, monarch butterflies are ‘old souls’ returning to the sacred mountains,” I wrote.

All Souls’ Day is a day to honour and pray for the dead who are believed to be in purgatory – the place in Roman Catholic belief in which those who have died make an elevator stop midway of varying lengths, as it were, to atone for their sins before going on the rest of the way up to heaven on the top floor. Roman Catholic belief suggests that the prayers of the faithful living on Earth – known as the Church Militant on Earth (one of my favourite descriptors for the Church, bar none) – help cleanse these souls of venial sins and help them reach heaven. Temporal punishment for sin is a punishment which will have a definite end, when the soul is purified and is permitted into heaven. Thus temporary. Temporal punishment for sin is that which is experienced in purgatory.

The day is primarily celebrated in the Catholic Church, but it is also celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and a few other denominations of Christianity. The Anglican church is the largest Protestant church to recognize All Souls’ Day on Nov. 2. While considered a holy day, All Souls Day is not a holy day of obligation in the Catholic Church, where the faithful are required to attend mass.

The custom of setting apart a special day for intercession for certain of the faithful on Nov. 2 was first established by St. Odilo of Cluny at his abbey of Cluny in 998. From Cluny the custom spread to the other houses of the Cluniac order, which became the largest and most extensive network of monasteries in Europe. The celebration was soon adopted in several dioceses in France, and spread throughout the Western Church. Legend has it that a pilgrim returning from the Holy Land was cast by a storm on a desolate island. A hermit living there told him that amid the rocks was a chasm communicating with purgatory, from which perpetually rose the groans of tortured souls. The hermit also claimed he had heard the demons complaining of the efficacy of the prayers of the faithful, and especially the monks of Cluny, in rescuing their victims. Upon returning home, the pilgrim hastened to inform Odilo, the fifth Benedictine Abbot of Cluny, who set Nov. 2 as a day of intercession on the part of his community for all the souls in Purgatory.

C.S. Lewis, the noted mid-20th century Anglican Christian apologist and author, viewed purgatory primarily as a state in which the redeemed are purged of their sins before entering heaven rather than an intermediate place of retributive punishment for people with unconfessed sins, noted Jerry L. Walls, a scholar-in-residence and a philosophy professor at Houston Baptist University, in a December 2017 interview with the Plano, Texas-based Baptist Standard. “Viewed in that sense, some type of purgatory – a process that allows sanctification to be completed before an individual enters God’s presence – can be embraced ecumenically” (https://www.baptiststandard.com/news/faith-culture/c-s-lewis-believed-purgatory-heavens-sake/) said Walls, a Methodist who now attends an Episcopal church, wrote Ken Camp, managing editor of the Baptist Standard.

According to Catholic belief, the soul of a person who dies can go to one of three places. The first is heaven, where a person who dies in a state of perfect grace and communion with God goes. The second is hell, where those who die in a state of mortal sin are naturally condemned by their choice. The intermediate option is purgatory, which is thought to be where most people, free of mortal sin, but still in a state of lesser (venial) sin, must go. The primary scriptural basis for the belief is found in 2 Maccabees, 12:26 and 12:32. “Turning to supplication, they prayed that the sinful deed might be fully blotted out … Thus made atonement for the dead that they might be free from sin.” Additional references are found in Zechariah, Sirach, and the Gospel of Matthew. The first two books of Maccabees only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (and hence are deuterocanonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha (https://www.gotquestions.org/first-second-Maccabees.html).

Most Protestant denominations, however, do not recognize purgatory, or All Souls’ Day, and disagree with the theology behind both.

You can also follow me on X (formerly Twitter) at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

 

Standard
COVID-19, Pandemics

COVID-19: The fire that darkened the world in 2020

Eight months ago today, I wrote my first post on the current coronavirus pandemic, and in a headline asked, ‘The fire this time? Pandemic prose, and waiting and watching for the ‘big one’ (https://soundingsjohnbarker.wordpress.com/2020/01/23/the-fire-this-time-pandemic-prose-and-waiting-and-watching-for-the-big-one/).

I penned those words on a cold winter January night. At that time, COVID-19 hadn’t been invented by the World Health Organization (WHO), as the official moniker for what was then simply known provisionally as Novel Coronavirus 2019-n, or CoV2019-nCoV, designating it as a novel coronavirus discovered last year. The Coronavirus Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is the entity within the International Union of Microbiological Societies, founded in 1927 as the International Society for Microbiology, and responsible for developing the official classification of viruses and taxa naming (taxonomy) of the Coronaviridae family, proposed the naming convention SARS-CoV-2. On Jan. 23, when I first wrote about it, the WHO was still a week away from designating the newly-discovered coronavirus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The WHO then waited another six weeks almost until March 11 to decide a global pandemic was under way.

As summer has given way to September’s still unseasonably warm autumn here in Northern Manitoba, the question mark, of course, can be dropped. It is indeed the fire this time. Except when it is not. That is the paradox of COVID-19. The vast majority of people infected with COVID-19 will recover. The elderly and those of any age group with comorbidities are at greatest risk. Except there will be apparently otherwise healthy young people who die of COVID-19, too. Many, in fact, although nothing like their elders.

People infected with the flu almost always get sick. They are rarely asymptomatic. Many people with COVID-19 are asymptomatic, presymptomatic, or only mildly symptomatic, but contagious in any of those three states, making them walking viral bombs. The estimate of a virus’s contagiousness is captured in a variable called R-naught (R0), or basic reproduction number, and is a key number used in infectious disease modelling for estimating pandemic growth rate. Seasonal flu has an R0 of 1.3, while measles is highly contagious with an R0 between 12 and 18. By way of historical comparison, the the R0 of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic is estimated to have been between 1.4 and 2.8, which is within the range COVID-19 falls currently in many parts of the world.

COVID-19 has officially killed more than 200,000 people in the United States alone over the last eight months.

It is indeed the fire this time.

The 1918 influenza pandemic, widely known as the “Spanish Flu,” killed about 675,000 people in the United States, and perhaps 50 million worldwide, in a much less populated smaller world, As of mid-afternoon Sept. 22, the WHO reported there have been 31,174,627 confirmed cases worldwide of COVID-19, including 962,613 deaths.

COVID-19 in just eight months has killed almost 30 per cent of the number of Americans who died over three years between 1918 and 1920 of Spanish Flu, the worst global pandemic of modern times.

How does COVID-19 stack up against a more “normal” modern American five-to-six month flu season? The Atlanta-based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports preliminary estimates from the 2018-19 flu season, the most recent data available, shows 34,157 deaths. Estimates from the 2018-2019 season are still considered preliminary and may change as data is finalized, the CDC notes. Looking back over the last decade to 2010, estimated influenza deaths in the United States ranged from a low of 12,000 to a high of 61,000.

The case fatality rate for COVID-19 in the United States is currently 2.9 per cent. The Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center (CRC) in Baltimore says Canada has reported 9,279 COVID-19 deaths with a case fatality rate of 6.3 per cent.

For seasonal influenza, mortality is usually well below 0.1 per cent, the WHO says. Countries throughout the world have reported very different case fatality ratios – the number of deaths divided by the number of confirmed cases. Differences in mortality numbers can be caused by:

  • differences in the number of people tested: With more testing, more people with milder cases are identified. This lowers the case-fatality ratio;.
  • demographics: For example, mortality tends to be higher in older populations;.
  • characteristics of the healthcare system: For example, mortality may rise as hospitals become overwhelmed and have fewer resources.

As for either a vaccine or herd immunity being the magic bullet to defeat COVID-19, consider the so-called common cold. The U.S. National Library of Medicine, an institute with the National Institutes of Health, notes there are now seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs) associated with upper respiratory tract infections that sometime spread to the lungs and other organs. Epidemiological studies suggest that HCoVs account for 15 to 30 per cent of common colds.

Are you aware of a vaccine for the common cold? Are you immune to catching colds?

Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses from the Coronaviridae family. Making a safe and effective vaccine is far more complex than making batches of an annual flu vaccine. And while herd immunity has been a factor in mitigating some disease pandemics, including influenza, the evidence that could happen with a coronavirus such as COVID-19 is preliminary and inconclusive at best.

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

Standard
Canada, Canada Day, Canada's North

From the Missiguash River to the Mackenzie Delta, breathtaking, raw beauty

This is a land bigger than the imagination – for all of us. In the Northwest Territories, the Akaitcho say, “‘Denech’anie,’ meaning ‘the path the people walk’ and that ‘we will live on the land as long as the sun shines, the river flows, and the grass grows.”

I’ve driven across the Western Arctic’s Mackenzie Delta; summer at 68 degrees latitude and the vast, open land at the top of the world, listening to Robin Mark’s “Revival In Belfast (Hope In The City)” and Susan Aglukark’s powerfully haunting song, “E186,” about what it meant to be an “Eskimo” with a number and no name, cranked up to full volume. With its raw power, it served as a defining moment in helping me to understand, if imperfectly and incompletely, the difference in what it meant to be Inuit rather than qallunaat (which, loosely translated from Inuktitut, is not terribly flattering, as it translates a bit closer to honky than white) North of 60 in the 1940s and 1950s.

Inuvik lives for me as a kaleidoscope of snapshots. One of the most vivid standing on the shore of the mighty Mackenzie River watching a flotilla of small boats head out in miserable weather for Aklavik.

The Gwich’in and Inuvialuit were gathering to bury three of their own: Doug Irish, Larry Semmler and Charlie Meyook. Northerners, aboriginal and non-aboriginal, look after their own.

Hundreds of Gwich’in, Inuvialuit and white men travelled by river and by air from Inuvik, from McPherson, from Tsiigehtchic, from the Yukon, from Alaska and from the South for the funerals at All Saints Anglican Church in Aklavik, on the site of the original Anglican Cathedral of the Arctic. The women volunteered to cook the community feast; the men hunted caribou and dug graves, all giving aid and comfort to their brothers and sister in Aklavik.

The Northwest Territories is a vast and open land, where two of the highest virtues practiced are tolerance and respect. I’d come home from work that first October in 2001 to my apartment on the shores of Great Slave Lake, and read more and more of Bern Will Brown’s Arctic Journal and  Arctic Journal II (a colleague had wisely recommended Brown’s writing as a good introduction to the Northwest Territories).

One dark December day, l got a sense of how imaginatively the lives of the peoples of the Circumpolar North are weaved together, between glances out my balcony window before 3 p.m. darkness fell and watching Smilla’s Sense of Snow, the delightful 1997 Danish thriller starring Julia Ormond, Gabriel Byrne, and Richard Harris, based on the 1992 novel Frøken Smillas fornemmelse by Danish author Peter Høeg, with both the book and the film telling the story of a transplanted Greenlander, Smilla Jasperson, who investigates the mysterious death of a small Inuit boy who lived in her housing complex in Copenhagen. Clues send her not just around Copenhagen, including the Hotel d’Angleterre, but also to Kiruna, the northernmost town in Sweden in Lapland, and Ilulissat in western Greenland.

I remember the first time I heard Stan Rogers’ “Northwest Passage” performed in the Northwest Territories in Yellowknife, with seemingly everyone in the audience in a school auditorium raising their voices in unison to join in. One of those moments that still send chills up your spine years later. I’ve long forgotten who performed it that night some 20 years ago almost now, but I haven’t forgotten it was a Stan Rogers song, and thinking the Bard of Guysborough County was truly one of Canada’s poets, a coast-to-coast-to-coast national treasure.

We are a country blessed with national treasures. Rhonda Payne, author of the play “Stars in the Sky Morning,” a tale of the hardships of women on the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland – was a playwright the National Post described as a “national treasure” in 1999. Rhonda was a fiery actor, writer, director, producer and activist from Curling, who would go onto co-found Ground Zero Productions with Don Bouzek in Toronto, and after that Riverbank Productions in Peterborough, Ontario on Parkhill Road East (the studio office was quite literally on the banks of the Otonabee River).

From Churchill, Manitoba, I’ve had the chance to sail a beluga-populated Hudson Bay, across the invisible maritime boundary that divides Manitoba from Nunavut, and share the Seal River with polar bears. Churchill Airport was built by the United States military in 1942 and owned and operated by Transport Canada as a remote airport since 1964. Churchill Rocket Research Range, also built by the United States Army, under the aegis of Canada’s Defence Research Board in 1956, operated 23 kilometres east of town, where the Churchill Northern Studies Centre now is, until 1985.

I remember the haunting but not at all unwelcome sound of the train whistle when I would visit my mother, who lived near Amherst, Nova Scotia, on Fort Lawrence Road, east of Exit 1, as the Via Rail Ocean passenger train, en route from Montréal to Halifax, or Halifax to Montréal, crossed the saltwater Tantramar marshes between Amherst, Nova Scotia and Sackville, New Brunswick, a stone’s throw from the Missiguash River, bordering New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and connecting the Nova Scotia peninsula with those who come from away elsewhere in North America.

The saltwater Tantramar marshes, sometimes referred to singularly as the Tantramar Marsh, is a very special place indeed, and was even long before the first train crossed it in the 19th century. Memory surrounds you everywhere in Nova Scotia. This is the soil my Acadian ancestors lived and laboured on. All I have to do is close my eyes for but a moment listening to Lorena McKennitt’s The Mystic’s Dream and I clearly hear the words, “All along the English shore,” and in my mind’s eye I see the Acadian tricolor of blue, white and red, the gold star Stella Maris at top left, seeking the guidance and protection of the Virgin Mary, patron of the Acadians.

This is Aulac Ridge, a prominent rise running west to east across the Tantramar marshes on the Isthmus of Chignecto, just west of the Missiguash River. This is the demarcation line between Fort Lawrence and Fort Beauséjour, New France and British North America, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, overlooking the Cumberland Basin of the Bay of Fundy.

Nowhere, of course, in the song are the words, “All along the English shore” actually heard, not even as a mondegreen where you mishear the lyrics to a song, which is a sort of aural malapropism, where instead of saying the wrong word, you hear the wrong word as a result of near-homophony, in a way that gives it a new meaning. No, this, as it was for Marcel Proust, is remembrance of things past.

I spent a balmy Maritime spring evening reporting from Middle Musquodoboit Harbour on the Eastern Shore’s Musquodoboit Harbour River, while I’ve travelled deep in the woods near Earltown in Colchester County, on the north slope of the Cobequid Mountains, searching for Willard Kitchener MacDonald, the so-called “Hermit of Gully Lake,” who had gone AWOL in 1945 after being conscripted and abandoning a troop train during the Second World War. Canada declared an amnesty for army deserters in 1950, but MacDonald, retained a lifelong suspicion of government and police. In the same area, I later returned to Sugar Moon Farm, also near Earltown, in search of maple syrup stories, while travelling the back roads of Folly Lake-Folly Gap-Folly Mountain, and through the Cobequid Mountains and Wentworth Valley to Londonderry, formerly known as Acadia Mines, in Colchester County, where time appeared to have stood still.

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

 

 

Standard
Centenary

William Marshall Barker: My dad would have turned 100 today

My dad would have turned 100 today. Sadly, he left us almost 30 years ago in 1989. My cousin, Sharon Seager posted this picture of her mom and my dad two years ago.

William Marshall Barker, shown here at right, beside his youngest sister, Norma, my sweet aunt, was called “Bill” by everyone who knew him (aside perhaps from my mother, Pat, who called him “William” on rare occasions, which never failed to get his attention), and my Uncle Bob Barker in Indiana, who always called him “Will.”

My dad would have been 100 today if he was still alive. He died in 1989.

He was the finest man I’ve ever known. His word was his bond. I never knew him to tell an untruth, which is simply remarkable. He never equivocated. He was always straight forward, meaning what he said and saying what he meant.

He worked at General Motors of Canada in Oshawa, Ontario, his hometown, as an hourly-rated employee for 32½ years before retiring in 1975. He was a proud rank-and-file trade unionist, a member of Local 222 of the old United Autoworkers of America (UAW).

The men in my Nipigon Street neighbourhood – guys like Earl Kirkpatrick, Snow Willson and my dad – were often working six days a weeks, with overtime on Saturdays when they were on day shift. If they were on nights, they’d be busy flooding the Nipigon Park outdoor rink at 2:30 a.m. – after their eight-hour night shift ended and they went to bed – so us kids could skate the next day. That’s how I remember my dad.

I spent the first of five summers as a university student, beginning in 1976, working in the same West Plant in the high-seniority Completely Knocked Down (CKD) department my dad had retired from the year before. Some of his buddies were still there; some I had heard about for years and met for the first time.

My first job was hammering large wooden crates together. It was just an amazing cavernous building that old West Plant with great big windows and wooden floors. I remember once going across the tunnel (or bridge, I’m not sure now how it was referred to) connecting the West Plant and the North Plant over Division Street. Later that summer, I hung rads in the rad room of the old North Plant across the street.

There are other memories, of course, which I haven’t quite got around to writing about yet. Like how he used to take me tobogganing in the winter at the Oshawa Golf Course. Or before I had a driver’s licence, pick me up after the third period of Oshawa Generals games, where I sold pop and hotdogs when I was 14 and 15 at the old Oshawa Civic Auditorium. That’s where the two of us would go together many winter Friday nights to cheer on our hometown Junior B Oshawa Crushmen, especially our neighbour, Scott Willson.

While my parents came a bit late to the appeal of pizza, I do recall my dad heading out on the occasional Friday night when some of my Nipigon Street friends, perhaps Mike Byrne and Paul Sobanski, were over, and dad coming back with a box of Mothers Pizza from Simcoe North, the first and only Mothers in Oshawa at the time.

Before that, and well into the 1970s anyway, my dad still picked up fish-and-chip dinners for us on Fridays after work, first at Paul and Helen Plishka’s Rose Bowl Fish and Chips at the corner of Bond and Prince streets, and later Pat and Mike Volpe‘s Pat & Mike Fish & Chips on Hortop Street, as well as from the H. Salt, Esq. Authentic English Fish and Chips franchise on Simcoe Street North in Oshawa, where we also enjoyed their fish and chips. Haddon Salt had operated his fish and chips store in Skegness, in the northeastern corner of England, before moving to the United States and, along with his wife, Grace, opening their first shop in Sausalito, California, under the name of Salt’s Fish & Chips in 1965. Pope Paul VI’s proclamation of Paenitemini (Apostolic Constitution On Penance) on Feb. 17, 1966, allowed episcopal conferences to permit Catholics in their jurisdictions to substitute some other penitential practice aside from abstaining from meat on Fridays, a practice which had been in force in the universal church since Pope Saint Nicholas 1, also known as Saint Nicholas the Great, in 851, so dad was in no hurry to abandon eating fish on Fridays, especially Halibut. I was nine years old, growing up in Oshawa, Ontario, when all this came to pass in 1966.

Instead of going to Inco or Vale and down into a mine or working at the surface in a refinery or smelter, the men (and they were invariably men back then) I knew in the 1960s carried their metal lunch pails into the factory at General Motors to build cars and trucks. When they were leaving at the end of their shift, they punched the same clock they had coming in. Every time I hear Men of the Deeps sing Rise Again or Working Man, my union resolve deepens just a little bit more.

In the fall of 1970, he walked the picket line for 3½ months in the longest strike against his employer since the Dirty Thirties.

While he wasn’t much fond of politicians of any stripe collectively, he did have a bit of a liking individually for Mike Starr, Oshawa-Whitby riding Progressive Conservative MP, and a federal labour minister in the Diefenbaker government for a time in the 1960s, but was truly fond of the man who defeated Starr by 15 votes in the June 1968 federal election, future NDP leader Ed Broadbent, who in his youth had been my parent’s paperboy for a time, delivering the Oshawa Times to the south-side of their rented Church Street red Insulbrick duplex, my first home.

Truth be told, my dad liked Ed not so much because of his NDP affiliation, although as a trade unionist that carried weight, but mainly because he saw him as a hardworking, honest politician; a kindred spirit, although my dad would have put it more plainly than that.

My dad had a Grade 8 education and wasn’t much for reading. I don’t think I ever saw him read a book, other than maybe to consult the odd one for some factual information. His idea of leisure was to work with his hands at carpentry or upholstery, and he built me, the reader, several fine custom-size wooden bookcases, with a larger than normal shelf sometimes for oversized books.

My non-book reading father, however, made time every day to read the local daily newspaper, and from 1983, when I began working as a newspaper reporter, until his death in 1989, quite likely read every newspaper story I wrote during that six-year period, and, as I learned only after he died, would often point out my byline in the Peterborough Examiner to shopkeepers and acquaintances in Bridgenorth, a small community just outside of Peterborough on Chemong Lake, where he lived from 1980 to 1989.

That man, an ordinary man by the measures of the world, yet an extraordinary man of character by any measure, was my father.

Bill Barker. Born on July 13, 1919. Gone from this earthly plain to his true home, but never forgotten by those of us who knew him here. My dad.

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22
Standard
Movies, Popular Culture and Ideas, Weather

Vanquishing the Vortex: Punxsutawney Phil and Wiarton Willie rise to the rescue

Truth be told, if Thompson, Manitoba had a groundhog prognosticator when the sun rose several hours ago at 8:24 a.m. Central Standard Time (CST), he or she would very likely have predicted a short winter of only four more weeks because they probably wouldn’t have seen their shadow under mainly cloudy skies. Mind you, the groundhog would by lying. New arrivals to Thompson and environs are sometimes surprised their first year here to learn Feb. 2 really doesn’t have any resonance beyond wishful thinking. Winter ending in early or late March in Thompson? Six more weeks of winter only from Feb. 2?

Still, it could be worse. While Environment Canada again has us flagged under a red “Extreme Cold Warning” banner in its online weather forecast for Thompson today, the actual text of the bulletin helpfully notes, “The extreme wind chill has already abated for Thompson region but will likely redevelop tonight.” If you want to check out places with weather comparable to Thompson, you’d do well, says WeatherSpark, to check out of the Russian communities of Bayanday, (53°04′N latitude), and Mago  (53° 15′ 05″ N latitude) in southeastern Siberia and central Asia, somewhere north of Ulaanbaatar, (Ulan Bator), the capital of Mongolia, another well-known world hotspot. Thompson is located at 55.7433° N latitude. WeatherSpark, was started by James Diebel, an American, and Jacob Norda, a Swede. Thompson’s fun weather facts are available online through their WeatherSpark website at: http://weatherspark.com/averages/28377/Thompson-Manitoba-Canada

Diebel, born and raised in Wisconsin, has a bachelor’s degree in engineering mechanics and astronautics, and mathematics from University of Wisconsin, and a PhD in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University, and Norda, born and raised in Sweden, holds a master’s degree in electrical engineering and applied physics from Linköping Institute of Technology. They teamed up and started Vector Magic, now known as Cedar Lake Ventures, Inc., in December 2007. Their weather facts are based on historical records dating back to 1988. Cedar Lake Ventures is located in the Minneapolis area in Excelsior, Minnesota. Diebel lives in the Minneapolis area, while Norda has lived in the San Francisco Bay Area since 2001.

While Thompson may well be in for another eight weeks or so of winter, whether it be under sunny or cloudy skies, Punxsutawney Phil, from Gobbler’s Knob in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, and Wiarton Willie from South Bruce County, Ontario, did their parts this morning to putting paid to polar and vanquishing the vortex elsewhere, first described as the polar vortex as early as 1853, by predicting an early spring.  Punxsutawney Phil emerged from his burrow around 7:30 a.m. EST and did not see his shadow, predicting an early spring. “Faithful followers, there is no shadow of me and a beautiful spring it shall be,” a member of Phil’s Inner Circle read from the groundhog’s prediction scroll to the cheers and applause from the crowd. As the legend goes, if Phil sees his shadow, he considers it an “omen” of six more weeks of bad weather and heads back into his hole. If it’s cloudy and he doesn’t, you can put away that winter coat sooner than expected. Robert Buckle, mayor of the Town of South Bruce, which includes Wiarton, said Wiarton Willie had tweeted at 7:08 a.m. “So, my #prediction is #official. I didn’t see my shadow so an early spring it is.” (#officialprediction #earlyspring #WiartonWillie #Wiarton #PredictionMorning #GroundhogDay).

Rumour has it there were some groundhog dissenters to the early spring forecast, including Shubenacadie Sam. My one and only time covering a furry prognosticator came on Feb.2, 2000, when I was working for the Chronicle Herald’ s Truro bureau in Nova Scotia, and found myself that February morning assigned to go down to Shubenacadie, about 37 kilometres southwest of Truro in Hants County in central Nova Scotia, to cover the predictive prowess of Shubenacadie Sam, Nova Scotia’s most famous groundhog prognosticator. As well as Shubenacadie Sam, Punxsutawney Phil, and Wiarton Willie, other famous woodchuck prognosticators include (or have included), Manitoba’s own Winnipeg Willow, Manitoba Merv, and Winnipeg Wyn, who called for another six weeks of winter today after seeing her shadow.

In his 2002 book, The Day Niagara Falls Ran Dry, one of my favourites climatologists, David Phillips, cited a survey of 40 years of weather data from 13 Canadian cities, which concluded there was an equal number of cloudy and sunny days on Feb. 2 – and during that time, the groundhogs’ predictions were right only 37 per cent of the time. Sounds a bit like professional jealousy to me.  While NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration based in Washington, D.C. claims seven-day forecasts can now accurately predict the weather about 80 percent of the time and a five-day forecast can accurately predict the weather approximately 90 percent of the time, common sense tells us that can’t be true. Talk about fake news. We all know that the last day of a five or seven-day forecast is wildly hyped at the beginning of the period to be much nicer than it will turn out in reality when that day finally arrives five or seven days later. They hope, short-term memory being what it and all, that’s you’ll simply forget by day five or seven. If you don’t believe me, find out the truth for yourself by taking a look at the clip “Seven Day Forecast” from the Rick Mercer Report (https://www.cbc.ca/mercerreport/videos/clips/seven-day-forecast). In the past decade, Phil has predicted a longer winter seven times and an early spring three times. He was only right about 40 per cent of the time, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which says the groundhog shows “no predictive skill” (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/education-resources/groundhog-day).

Groundhog Day has its roots in the ancient Christian tradition of Candlemas Day, when clergy would bless and distribute candles needed for winter. The candles represented how long and cold the winter would be. Germans expanded on this concept by selecting an animal – the hedgehog – as a means of predicting weather. According to tradition, if a groundhog comes out of its burrow Feb. 2 – where the main entrance is often by a tree stump or rock and is usually conspicuous because of a pile of freshly excavated earth, with side entrances also and tunnels leading to an enlarged chamber three to six feet underground containing the nest – and sees its shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter weather; no shadow means an early spring.

Once they came to America, German settlers in Pennsylvania continued the tradition,” although they switched from hedgehogs to groundhogs, which were plentiful in the Keystone State,” A&E Television Networks’ This Day in History notes.  Clymer H. Freas, city editor of The Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper is credited with printing the news of the first observance in 1886 (one year before the first trek to Gobbler’s Knob) on Feb. 2, 1887, where Groundhog Day, featuring the rodent meteorologist, was first celebrated for the first time in Punxsutawney.) “Today is groundhog day and up to the time of going to press the beast has not seen its shadow,” he  wrote. Freas, who belonged to a group of groundhog hunters from Punxsutawney, who would later be called the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, declared that “Punxsutawney Phil,” as the groundhog was named, was the “Seer of Seers, Sage of Sages, Prognosticator of Prognosticators, and Weather Prophet Extraordinary” and Punxsutawney, named by the Lenape or Delawares, and located halfway between the Allegheny and the Susquehanna rivers,  90 miles northeast of Pittsburgh, was henceforth to be known as the “Weather Capital of the World.”

The earliest American reference to Groundhog Day dates back to Feb. 4, 1841 and is found in the diary of Morgantown, Berks County,  Pennsylvania storekeeper James Morris, and can be found at the Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster. Morris wrote: “Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.”

According to the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, “insects do not bother groundhogs and germs pretty much leave them alone. They are resistant to the plagues that periodically wipe out large numbers of wild animals. One reason for this is their cleanliness.

“Groundhogs are one of the few animals that really hibernate,” the club says. “Hibernation is not just a deep sleep. It is actually a deep coma, where the body temperature drops to a few degrees above freezing, the heart barely beats, the blood scarcely flows, and breathing nearly stops.” Their heartbeats slow from 80 to five beats per minute and they can lose 30 percent of their body fat.

With all this in mind, plan to settle in tonight for what should be at minimum an annual viewing of Harold Ramis’ February 1993 movie Groundhog Day, staring Bill Murray as Channel 9 Pittsburgh weatherman Phil Connors, who apparently stuck in an infinite time loop after being stranded by an unexpected change in direction of a blizzard, wakes up every morning to a radio alarm clock at 6 a.m. in a bed-and-breakfast in Punxsutawney, reliving Groundhog Day over and over, again and again.

Andie MacDowell is perfect as Murray’s field producer, Rita Hanson, while Chris Elliott nicely rounds out the trio as the long-suffering cameraman (think “Paul from Shaw,” Thompsonites)

Film critic Ryan Gilbey of the New Statesman called Groundhog Day “the perfect comedy, for ever,” while Malcolm Jones at the Daily Beast went even further, saying it was “about as perfect as a movie gets.” Bill Murray called it “probably the best work I’ve done.”

Michael Keaton and Tom Hanks were both considered for Murray’s role, but weren’t chosen because  Ramis thought they were “too nice.” Brian-Doyle Murray, Bill Murray’s older brother, plays Mayor Buster Green, who acts as the Groundhog Day master of ceremonies on Gobbler’s Knob, as he pulls “Scooter,” perhaps the world’s most televised groundhog, as he plays Punxsutawney Phil, from his burrow to see if he sees his shadow.

Bill Hoffmann, owner of Animal Rentals in Chicago, trained Scooter for the movie. Hoffmann told Lisa Kucharski |of the Woodstock Independent in Woodstock, Illinois in a January 2014 interview that it was challenging work to keep Scooter happy. He said groundhogs have an attention span of about 15 minutes and in film work, it takes about 15 minutes just to set the lighting for a scene. Scooter had five understudies and all six groundhogs were rotated in for different scenes.

Groundhogs have short, powerful legs and a medium-long, bushy, and somewhat flattened tail. They are also called whistle pigs for their loud shrill alarm whistles when they become alarmed or are suddenly disturbed. Groundhogs also whistle in the spring when they begin courting. The name woodchuck is possibly derived from an Algonquian name for the animal. Groundhogs, whistle pigs or woodchucks – take your pick – normally weigh from 12 to 15 pounds and have a life expectancy of four to eight years.

Groundhogs are known as “true hibernators,” going into a dormant state – in which their body temperature and heart rate fall dramatically – from late fall until late winter or early spring. True hibernators, including groundhogs can reduce their body temperature below 20°C. Bears for example, when they hibernate, only drop their body temperature to 30°C from 37°C. True hibernators can also reduce their heart rate down to about five beats a minute, and their body temperature can go as low as 5°C.  Groundhogs go through bouts of torpor when their body temperature drops to about 5°C.  They’ll do this for about a week, then wake up for three or four days, then go back into torpor.

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

Standard
Movies, Popular Culture

Groundhog Day: ‘OK, rise and shine, campers, and don’t forget your booties ‘cause it’s coooold out there today’

Few movies, truth be told, stand the test of time. Fewer still bear watching over and over again every year. Several that do – Frank Capra’s 1946 It’s a Wonderful Life, starring Jimmy Stewart as George Bailey, or Alastair Sim as Scrooge in the 1951 version of A Christmas Carol and 1988’s Die Hard, directed by John McTiernan and written by Steven E. de Souza and Jeb Stuart, following the Christmas Eve exploits of John McClane (Bruce Willis), playing an off-duty New York City cop visiting in Los Angeles for the holidays, share a common Christmas genre.

But there are a few other movies outside the classics from the Christmas genre that also merit watching again and again.

Harold Ramis’ February 1993 movie Groundhog Day, stars Bill Murray as Channel 9 Pittsburgh weatherman Phil Connors, who apparently stuck in an infinite time loop after being stranded by an unexpected change in direction of a blizzard, wakes up every morning to a radio alarm clock at 6 a.m. in a bed-and-breakfast in Punxsutawney, reliving Groundhog Day over and over, again and again.

Andie MacDowell is perfect as Murray’s field producer, Rita Hanson, while Chris Elliott nicely rounds out the trio as the long-suffering cameraman (think “Paul from Shaw,” Thompsonites)

Film critic Ryan Gilbey of the New Statesman called Groundhog Day “the perfect comedy, for ever,” while Malcolm Jones at the Daily Beast went even further, saying it was “about as perfect as a movie gets.” Bill Murray called it “probably the best work I’ve done.”

Michael Keaton and Tom Hanks were both considered for Murray’s role, but weren’t chosen because  Ramis thought they were “too nice.” Brian-Doyle Murray, Bill Murray’s older brother, plays Mayor Buster Green, who acts as the Groundhog Day master of ceremonies on Gobbler’s Knob, as he pulls “Scooter,” perhaps the world’s most televised groundhog, as he plays Punxsutawney Phil, from his burrow to see if he sees his shadow.

Bill Hoffmann, owner of Animal Rentals in Chicago, trained Scooter for the movie. Hoffmann told Lisa Kucharski |of the Woodstock Independent in Woodstock, Illinois in a January 2014 interview that it was challenging work to keep Scooter happy. He said groundhogs have an attention span of about 15 minutes and in film work, it takes about 15 minutes just to set the lighting for a scene. Scooter had five understudies and all six groundhogs were rotated in for different scenes.

Groundhogs have short, powerful legs and a medium-long, bushy, and somewhat flattened tail. They are also called whistle pigs for their loud shrill alarm whistles when they become alarmed or are suddenly disturbed. Groundhogs also whistle in the spring when they begin courting. The name woodchuck is possibly derived from an Algonquian name for the animal. Groundhogs, whistle pigs or woodchucks – take your pick – normally weigh from 12 to 15 pounds and have a life expectancy of four to eight years.

Groundhogs are known as “true hibernators,” going into a dormant state – in which their body temperature and heart rate fall dramatically – from late fall until late winter or early spring. True hibernators, including groundhogs can reduce their body temperature below 20°C. Bears for example, when they hibernate, only drop their body temperature to 30°C from 37°C. True hibernators can also reduce their heart rate down to about five beats a minute, and their body temperature can go as low as 5°C.  Groundhogs go through bouts of torpor when their body temperature drops to about 5°C.  They’ll do this for about a week, then wake up for three or four days, then go back into torpor.

Groundhog Day has its roots in the ancient Christian tradition of Candlemas Day, when clergy would bless and distribute candles needed for winter. The candles represented how long and cold the winter would be. Germans expanded on this concept by selecting an animal – the hedgehog – as a means of predicting weather. According to tradition, if a groundhog comes out of its burrow Feb. 2 – where the main entrance is often by a tree stump or rock and is usually conspicuous because of a pile of freshly excavated earth, with side entrances also and tunnels leading to an enlarged chamber three to six feet underground containing the nest – and sees its shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter weather; no shadow means an early spring.

Once they came to America, German settlers in Pennsylvania continued the tradition,” although they switched from hedgehogs to groundhogs, which were plentiful in the Keystone State,” A&E Television Networks’ This Day in History notes.  Clymer H. Freas, city editor of The Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper is credited with printing the news of the first observance in 1886 (one year before the first trek to Gobbler’s Knob) on Feb. 2, 1887, where Groundhog Day, featuring the rodent meteorologist, was first celebrated for the first time in Punxsutawney.) “Today is groundhog day and up to the time of going to press the beast has not seen its shadow,” he  wrote. Freas, who belonged to a group of groundhog hunters from Punxsutawney, who would later be called the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, declared that “Punxsutawney Phil,” as the groundhog was named, was the “Seer of Seers, Sage of Sages, Prognosticator of Prognosticators, and Weather Prophet Extraordinary” and Punxsutawney, named by the Lenape or Delawares, and located halfway between the Allegheny and the Susquehanna rivers,  90 miles northeast of Pittsburgh, was henceforth to be known as the “Weather Capital of the World.”

The earliest American reference to Groundhog Day dates back to Feb. 4, 1841 and is found in the diary of Morgantown, Berks County, Pennsylvania storekeeper James Morris, and can be found at the Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster. Morris wrote: “Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.”

New arrivals to Thompson and environs are sometimes surprised their first year here to learn Feb. 2 (Groundhog Day), the day when those furry prognosticating woodchucks – Punxsutawney Phil in Gobbler’s Knob, Pennsylvania, Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia, Winnipeg Willow, Balzac Billy in Alberta and Wiarton Willie in Ontario – predict either four or six more weeks of winter, depending on whether they see their shadows when they emerge from their burrows, really doesn’t have any resonance beyond wishful thinking here. Winter ending in early or late March in Thompson? Six more weeks of winter only from Feb. 2? Yes, bring it on.

But the movie is a different matter: 25 years after its 1993 release, I still learn something new when I watch Groundhog Day around this time every year. While I can probably reflexively by now deliver on cue on many of the classic lines, such as, “OK, rise and shine, campers, and don’t forget your booties ‘cause it’s coooold out there today,” there’s plenty of smaller things to discover each time I watch with eyes anew.

Writing in the Daily Beast in February 2014, Malcolm Jones argued that “Ramis made a lot of funny movies, including Animal House, Ghostbusters, Caddyshack, and Analyze This. But Groundhog Day is in a class by itself. For my money, you have to go back to Preston Sturges’ ’40s comedies to find its equal. Irony of ironies, no matter how often you hit repeat, this story of a man living the same day over and over just keeps getting better.”

In 2006, Groundhog Day was added to the National Film Preservation Board’s National Film Registry in Culpeper, Virginia for being “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.”

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

 

 

 

 

Standard
Weather

Clymer H. Freas and the creation of Punxsutawney Phil, America’s most famous groundhog weather prognosticator

groundhogphil

There will be no early spring in Winnipeg this year. Or at least not one that can be predicted Tuesday because winsome Winnipeg Willow, the provincial capital’s weather prognosticating woodchuck, a rodent in the squirrel family (or in Latin, Sciuridae in the order Rodentia, which also includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, flying squirrels, chipmunks and larger bodied marmots), died Jan. 29, a bit shy of what would have been her sixth birthday this spring – and just four days before Groundhog Day Feb. 2.

For a woodchuck, also known as a groundhog or whistle pig, six years of age is a good long life, says the Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Winnipeg, where Willow lived most of her life. Groundhogs have short, powerful legs and a medium-long, bushy, and somewhat flattened tail. They are called whistle pigs for their loud shrill alarm whistles when they become alarmed or are suddenly disturbed. Groundhogs also whistle in the spring when they begin courting. The name woodchuck is possibly derived from an Algonquian name for the animal. Groundhogs, whistle pigs or woodchucks – take your pick – normally weigh from 12 to 15 pounds and have a life expectancy of four to eight years.

Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre has cancelled their scheduled Groundhog Day event that was to have taken place Feb. 2 at Cabela’s on Sterling Lyon Parkway in Winnipeg. Cabela’s, now one of the leading fishing and hunting outfitters in the world, was started by Dick Cabela in 1961 as a kitchen-table business, selling hand-tied fishing flies by mail-order from Chappell, Nebraska.

The Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre was founded in 2007 by a group of animal-loving volunteers. It is a non-profit organization whose main goal is to treat injured and orphaned wildlife and to successfully release them back into their natural habitat. Willow was born in the spring of 2010 and was brought to the centre after her mother was killed by a dog. She was being raised for release until she broke her leg in an outdoor enclosure. “With the extra handling and time spent in care, she became too friendly towards people to be released back into the wild,” Lisa Tretiak, a founding member and president of the Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre said Friday. In the spring of 2008, Tretiak became the first Manitoban, and only the fourth person in Canada, to be certified as a wildlife rehabilitator through the Eugene, Oregon-based International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council, founded in California in 1972.

Willow was adopted into Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre’s educational program and visited many Winnipeg schools and students. The woodchuck or groundhog’s scientific name is Marmota monax.

The first part of the scientific name, Marmota, is the Latin word for “marmot.” It was probably derived from corruption through two Latin words meaning “mouse of the mountain” and is the name given to the European marmot and the North American marmot, which are close relatives of the woodchuck. The last part, monax, is an aboriginal name that means “the digger,” as woodchucks are noted burrows excavators. Groundhogs are almost complete vegetarians, preferring to eat leaves, flowers, soft stems of various grasses, field crops, such as clover and alfalfa, and of many kinds of wild herbs. They occasionally climb trees to obtain apples. Willow reputedly loved kale, green leafy lettuce, broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes, snap peas and peanuts.

“We loved trying to predict the upcoming forecast,” Tretiak said, although Willow was a bit … err … spotty, to put if charitably, as a prognosticator. “I think we only got one season right,” added Tretiak. “From her current behavior this past winter, we were going to predict an early spring as she was eager to head outdoors.” So perhaps best be keeping your parka handy, Winterpeggers, for the next six weeks.

My one and only time covering a furry prognosticator came on Feb.2, 2000, when I was working for the now strike-bound Chronicle Herald’ s Truro bureau in Nova Scotia.  As well as journeying to such locales as Middle Musquodoboit Harbour on the Eastern Shore’s Musquodoboit Harbour River, or the Folly Lake-Folly Gap-Folly Mountain area, and through the Cobequid Mountains and Wentworth Valley to Londonderry, formerly known as Acadia Mines, in Colchester County, where time appeared to have stood still, I also found myself that February morning assigned to go down to Shubenacadie, about 37 kilometres southwest of Truro in Hants County in central Nova Scotia, to cover the predictive prowess of Shubenacadie Sam, Nova Scotia’s most famous groundhog prognosticator.

A baby groundhog is called a kit or a cub. Because they are one of the few large mammals abroad in daylight, many people enjoy seeing them. As well as Winnipeg Willow and Shubenacadie Sam, other famous woodchuck prognosticators include (or have included) Punxsutawney Phil, from Gobbler’s Knob in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, Wiarton Willie from Bruce County, Ontario and Balzac Billy, from Balzac, Alberta, just north of Calgary.

Groundhog Day has its roots in the ancient Christian tradition of Candlemas Day, when clergy would bless and distribute candles needed for winter. The candles represented how long and cold the winter would be. Germans expanded on this concept by selecting an animal – the hedgehog – as a means of predicting weather. According to tradition, if a groundhog comes out of its burrow Feb. 2 – where the main entrance is often by a tree stump or rock and is usually conspicuous because of a pile of freshly excavated earth, with side entrances also and tunnels leading to an enlarged chamber three to six feet underground containing the nest – and sees its shadow, there will be six more weeks of winter weather; no shadow means an early spring.

Once they came to America, German settlers in Pennsylvania continued the tradition,” although they switched from hedgehogs to groundhogs, which were plentiful in the Keystone State,” A&E Television Networks’ This Day in History notes.  Clymer H. Freas, city editor of The Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper is credited with printing the news of the first observance in 1886 (one year before the first trek to Gobbler’s Knob) on Feb. 2, 1887, where Groundhog Day, featuring the rodent meteorologist, was first celebrated for the first time in Punxsutawney.) “Today is groundhog day and up to the time of going to press the beast has not seen its shadow,” he  wrote. Freas, who belonged to a group of groundhog hunters from Punxsutawney, who would later be called the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, declared that “Punxsutawney Phil,” as the groundhog was named, was the “Seer of Seers, Sage of Sages, Prognosticator of Prognosticators, and Weather Prophet Extraordinary” and Punxsutawney, named by the Lenape or Delawares, and located halfway between the Allegheny and the Susquehanna rivers,  90 miles northeast of Pittsburgh, was henceforth to be known as the “Weather Capital of the World.”

But forget about weather predictions for just a minute and consider this: Groundhog fur was once used for fur coats, and the flesh of young, lean animals was considered a tasty treat by some late 19th and early 20th century Pennsylvania pioneers. While the line of Punxsutawney groundhogs that have been known since the late 1880s as “Punxsutawney Phil” make up America’s most famous groundhog lineage, and are now better known for their tourism potential, as opposed to their coat-making and vittles possibilities, Freas was involved even some 13 years after Phil’s debut in organizing Punxsutawney’s first “Groundhog Feast” in 1899, where groundhog meat was enjoyed as a local Pennsylvania  delicacy, washed down by a concoction known as “Groundhog Punch.”

But back to the weather. If you want to know just how good a weather prediction track record “Punxsutawney Phil” has, or perhaps how he stacks up against your local weather forecaster,  you can checkout the Groundhog Day webpage of the  U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/education-resources/groundhog-day

The earliest American reference to Groundhog Day dates back to Feb. 4, 1841 and is found in the diary of Morgantown, Berks County,  Pennsylvania storekeeper James Morris, and can be found at the Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster. Morris wrote: “Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans, the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.”

According to the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club, “insects do not bother groundhogs and germs pretty much leave them alone. They are resistant to the plagues that periodically wipe out large numbers of wild animals. One reason for this is their cleanliness.

“Groundhogs are one of the few animals that really hibernate,” the club says. “Hibernation is not just a deep sleep. It is actually a deep coma, where the body temperature drops to a few degrees above freezing, the heart barely beats, the blood scarcely flows, and breathing nearly stops.” Their heartbeats slow from 80 to five beats per minute and they can lose 30 percent of their body fat.

Spring, of course, is something of a relative concept here Northern Manitoba, just above 55 degrees north latitude. Relative to much of the rest of Canada and the United States that is. New arrivals to Thompson and environs are sometimes surprised their first year here to learn Feb. 2 really doesn’t have any resonance beyond wishful thinking here. Winter ending in early or late March in Thompson? Six more weeks of winter only from Feb. 2?

Yes, bring that on, any year! But hold the Groundhog Punch.

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

Standard
Koselig

Life in the Circumpolar North: Winter living with a sense of joie de vivre and koselig

uarcticmembersmap-2014Hotel d'Angleterre

Monday, Monday. Winter is set to arrive here in Northern Manitoba on winter solstice, Monday, Dec. 21 at 10:49 p.m. Central Standard Time (CST) – which is just eight minutes shy of seven hours after sunset at 3:57 p.m. that day.

The term solstice comes from the Latin word solstitium, meaning “the sun stands still.” This is because on this day, the sun reaches its southern-most position as seen from the Earth. The sun seems to stand still at the Tropic of Capricorn and then reverses its direction. It’s also known as the day the Sun turns around, and in the Northern Hemisphere, astronomers and scientists use the winter solstice Dec. 21 to mark the start of winter season, which ends with the spring equinox Saturday, March 19 at 11:31 p.m. Central Daylight Time (CDT).

Here in Thompson at 55.7433° N latitude, no matter what the official dates for the winter solstice and spring equinox may be, we know quite literally in our bones that we have really long, cold winters and on average there are about 140 frost-free days each year. New arrivals to Thompson and environs are sometimes surprised their first year here to learn Feb. 2 (Groundhog Day), the day when those furry prognosticators – Punxsutawney Phil in Gobbler’s Knob, Pennsylvania, Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia and Wiarton Willie in Ontario – predict either four or six more weeks of winter, depending on whether they see their shadows when they emerge from their burrows, really doesn’t have any resonance beyond wishful thinking here. Winter ending in early or late March in Thompson? Six more weeks of winter only from Feb. 2? Yes, bring it on.

As Thompson oldtimers sometimes tell newcomers: “You might want to consider making friends with winter since it lasts about eight months of the year here.” A slight – but not great – exaggeration. Having spent most of the 21st century living to date in Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories and Thompson in Manitoba, which Macleans magazine, using  Environment Canada, dated, ranked respectively as being number one and number two on their list of “The 10 coldest cities in Canada,” I have some notion of what it means to live in the North.

The North can be defined several ways. Quite often it is quite simply referred to as just that – the North. There is also the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, consisting of 94 major islands and 36,469 minor islands, which aside from Greenland that is almost entirely ice covered, forms the world’s largest High Arctic land area. There is also the Circumpolar North.

The idea of a Circumpolar North was something that caught my imagination in 2001 after I moved from Halifax in Nova Scotia to Yellowknife in Canada’s Northwest Territories. While the Arctic Circle, which I’ve crossed en route to places in the Mackenzie Delta, including the historically-Gwich’in founded community of Tetlit’Zheh (Fort McPherson) at 67.4353° N, Inuvik at 68.3617° and Tuktoyaktuk at 69.4428° N, is rather clearly defined as a circle of latitude that runs 66°33′45.9 N north of the equator, marking the southernmost latitude where the sun can stay continuously below or above the horizon for 24 hours – phenomena known as the Midnight Sun in summer and Polar Night in the depths of a deep and dark December, the Circumpolar North is partly a land of the imagination and a state of being, not quite so precisely defined by geographic lines of latitude, although it generally includes in Canada all that is North of 60, including the islands of the High Arctic, and the remainder of the Yukon, Northwest and Nunavut territories, plus those parts of northeastern Quebec and central Labrador settled by the Innu.

In the United States, the Circumpolar North is defined to include Alaska, except for the Southeast Alaska Panhandle. The Circumpolar North also is made up of Denmark, including Greenland, and the Faroe Islands; Iceland; Norway, including the archipelago of Svalbard; Sweden; Finland; the European Arctic south to the Arctic Circle; and the Russian Federation south to 63°N in European Russia and to 57° N in Asia, including all of the Kamchatka peninsula and Sakhalin Island.

Copenhagen at 55.6761° N is incredibly close latitudinally to Thompson, Manitoba at 55.7433° N, but neither are quite part of the Circumpolar North geographically. But imaginatively, one might make the argument. In winter, Northern Manitoba is vast land of isolation, ice roads, early sunsets and late sunrises. Copenhagen is not so different with short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 9:30 a.m. and sunset about 4:30 p.m.

One December day in 2001, living within sight of the western shore of Great Slave Lake in Yellowknife, I got a sense of how imaginatively the lives of the peoples of the Circumpolar North are weaved together, between glances out my balcony window before 3 p.m. darkness fell and watching Smilla’s Sense of Snow, the delightful 1997 Danish thriller starring Julia Ormond, Gabriel Byrne, and Richard Harris, based on the 1992 novel Frøken Smillas fornemmelse by Danish author Peter Høeg, with both the book and the film telling the story of a transplanted Greenlander, Smilla Jasperson, who investigates the mysterious death of a small Inuit boy who lived in her housing complex in Copenhagen. Clues send her not just around Copenhagen, including the Hotel d’Angleterre, but also to Kiruna, the northernmost town in Sweden in Lapland, and Ilulissat in western Greenland.

And while American poet T.S. Eliot told us that “April is the cruelest month” when he wrote The Waste Land, he seems to have been silent on the issue of November, which the Meteorological Service of Canada at Environment Canada in Winnipeg assures is still usually the snowiest month of the year with one average 35.4 centimetres of snow. At least on average. Usually.

When it comes to permafrost, there was no evidence of the existence of it here in Thompson until work started on the townsite in 1957. Then there was plenty of evidence, as permafrost was encountered at many locations in “scattered islands underlying somewhat less than 50 per cent of the townsite,” as noted by Robert M. Hardy, originally from Winnipeg, and co-founder of R.M. Hardy and Associates Ltd. in Edmonton, the only engineering firm in Alberta to offer geotechnical services at the time, and K.S. Goodman, manager of K.S. Goodman, Materials Testing Laboratories Ltd. in Calgary, in their paper “Permafrost Occurrence and Associated Problems at Thompson, Manitoba.”

Hardy and Goodman’s paper was presented at the National Research Council of Canada’s Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics Proceedings of the First Canadian Conference on Permafrost in Ottawa on April 17-18, 1962.

We are roughly 240 kilometres south of the line, which approximates the southern limit of continuous permafrost, as shown in the Climatological Atlas of Canada, and about 80 kilometres north of the southern limit of permafrost. But global warming may be causing the southern limit of permafrost to shift further north, meaning less permafrost here in Thompson, making some additional homebuilding on Wekusko Street, Arctic Drive and Char Bay, considered inadvisable 20 years ago, finally feasible within the last six or seven years.

How about the “average weather” for Thompson? Over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from -29°C to 23°C and is rarely below -39°C or above 28°C. Remember, we’re talking averages now, not temperatures for a specific winter.

The “warm season” (again, a relative term) lasts from May 24 to Sept. 11 with an average daily high temperature above 15°C. The hottest day of the year is on average July 20, with an average high of 23°C and low of 10°C. The coldest day of the year on average is Jan. 15, with an average low of -29°C and high of -19°C

James Diebel, an American, and Jacob Norda, a Swede, who both live in the San Francisco Bay area, can be thanked for these fascinating Thompson weather facts available through their WeatherSpark website at: http://weatherspark.com/averages/28377/Thompson-Manitoba-Canada. Diebel, born and raised in Wisconsin, who has a bachelor’s degree in engineering mechanics and astronautics, and mathematics from University of Wisconsin, and a PhD in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University, and Norda, born and raised in Sweden, who holds a master’s degree in electrical engineering and applied physics from Linköping Institute of Technology, teamed up and started Vector Magic, now known as Cedar Lake Ventures, Inc., in December 2007. The weather facts are based on historical records from 1988 to 2012.

How best to live in the Circumpolar North or the North, however, one wishes to define it? With a sense of joie de vivre – joy of living, I think.

Oulu in Finland, which at 65.0167° N is about 1,600 kilometres farther north than Thompson and located just 200 kilometres below the Arctic Circle, is the sixth largest city in Finland with 141,000 residents, and played host to the first-ever two-day international Winter Cycling Congress in 2013. The second congress was in Winnipeg in February 2014.

I remember back in February 2011 reading about Bruce Krentz’s bet with Harold Smith, a former City of Thompson councillor and executive director for Manitoba Housing and Community Development’s northern housing operations, who challenged him to use active transportation commensurate with getting to his new job as health promotion co-ordinator with the Burntwood Regional Health Authority (now the Northern Regional Health Authority). “He said, ‘Really, you should walk the walk,’” Krentz said at the time. “I sort of made the commitment that I would bike all year.” Smith said he didn’t expect Krentz to use a bike as his method of transportation. “To be honest, when I threw down that challenge I was really thinking about him walking, not cycling,” said Smith, who noted in 2011 he wasn’t surprised that Krentz had stuck with the plan. “Bruce has a history of sticking with things, especially the crazier ones.”

That’s interesting, I thought. Sounds like Bruce. And Harold. Frankly, it didn’t hold any appeal to me personally, although I had been doing a good deal of fair weather riding from mid-April through early November since my arrival in Thompson in 2007.

Circumstances, however, can change and so last year when my circumstances changed, I changed my mind about winter biking in Thompson. Which is why you might spot me wearing my trademark-like red helmet, white front and rear red MEC lights flashing, courtesy of Jeanette, as I at first carefully nudge my way over the short city-owned public footpath connecting the 200-block of Juniper Drive to the back of Southwood Shopping Plaza on Thompson Drive South, before reaching the paved two-lane multi-use boulevard pathway for pedestrians and cyclists that delivers me to work at the Thompson campus library of the University College of the North (UCN).

The Norwegians, Circumpolar North residents that they are, have something to teach us, too.

Laura Vanderkam, in a Nov. 6 Fast Company online magazine piece headlined “The Norwegian Secret To Enjoying A Long Winter: Residents of Norway view their long dark winters as something to celebrate. How it’s possible to be cheerful for the next four months,” outlined the Norwegian notion of koselig, “that means a sense of coziness. It’s like the best parts of Christmas, without all the stress. People light candles, light fires, drink warm beverages, and sit under fuzzy blankets. There’s a community aspect to it too; it’s not just an excuse to sit on the couch watching Netflix.”  You can link to the article here at: http://www.fastcompany.com/3052970/how-to-be-a-success-at-everything/the-norwegian-secret-to-enjoying-a-long-winter

Lorelou Desjardins, who pens the Norwegian Frog in the Fjord blog, says, in fact, koselig is more even then being cosy. “Most English speakers translate it by ‘cosy’ but that term doesn’t even begin to cover everything that ‘koselig’ can express,” Desjardins writes at: http://afroginthefjord.com/2014/02/02/how-to-make-things-koselig/

“This concept is difficult to translate to those who do not live here, but basically anything can (and should) be koselig: a house, a conversation, a dinner, a person. It defines something/someone /an atmosphere that makes you feel a sense of warmth very deep inside in a way that all things should be: simple and comforting.”

Kari Leibowitz, a PhD student at Stanford University, spent August 2014 to last June on a Fulbright scholarship in Tromsø in northern Norway – a place “so far north that from late November to late January, the sun never climbs above the horizon,” Vanderkam notes in her Fast Company article.

Leibowitz studied the residents’ overall mental health, because rates of seasonal depression were lower than one might expect.

“At first, she was asking ‘Why aren’t people here more depressed?’ and if there were lessons that could be taken elsewhere. But once she was there, ‘I sort of realized that that was the wrong question to be asking,’ she says. When she asked people ‘Why don’t you have seasonal depression?’ the answer was “Why would we?'”

Vanderkam says that Leibowitz found that it “turns out that in northern Norway, ‘people view winter as something to be enjoyed, not something to be endured,’ and that makes all the difference.

You can also follow me on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/jwbarker22

Standard